FASEEH AHMAD FASAHAT

(General Secretary)

Tj Memorial Welfare Trust (Regd)

12/58, Model Colony, Karachi-75100

E-mail: faseeh_123@hotmail.com, faseeh_321@yahoo.com

Ph: 021-4402244 (Res)

Cell No: 0321-2899290

 

GENERAL AND SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION AWARENESS CELL

 

 

EncCredit="Phototake NYC/Institut Pasteur/CNRI" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025"> Sir Macfarlane Burnet

Sir Macfarlane Burnet (1899-1985), Australian virologist and cowinner, with British biologist Sir Peter Medawar, of the 1960 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, for their discoveries concerning acquired immunological tolerance.

Burnet was born in Traralgon, in the state of Victoria, Australia. He earned a B.S. degree and an M.D. degree from the University of Melbourne. He then became a pathologist at Royal Melbourne Hospital and a researcher at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research. In 1926 Burnet traveled to London, England, to spend a year at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine. While in England, he earned a Ph.D. degree from the University of London. During a second trip, Burnet returned to England in 1932 to work at the National Institute for Medical Research, London, where he developed an improved technique for cultivating viruses using chick embryos. In 1944 he was appointed director of the Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne and professor at the University of Melbourne.

Burnet explained how the body's immune system recognizes and attacks foreign invaders, such as viruses and bacteria, but ignores the body's own tissue. The immune system's ability to distinguish “self” from “non-self” tissue, suggested Burnet, arose during the late stages of embryonic development. He hypothesized that any substance present in the body before this critical period was recognized as self and tolerated, whereas any substance that presented an antigen (structures on foreign substances capable of initiating an immune response) not encountered during early development was subject to antibody assault and elimination.

Medawar proved Burnet correct in several experiments. In one, Medawar injected spleen cells from one strain of mouse into a mouse of another strain before that animal's immune system was fully developed. The injected mouse accepted a skin graft from mice of the other strain, when normally it should have rejected this foreign tissue. The work of Burnet and Medawar laid a foundation for the successful surgical transplantation of the liver, kidneys, pancreas, heart, skin, and other organs.

Burnet was knighted by King George VI of Britain in 1951, and received his nation's Order of Merit in 1958. He won the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1947, its Copley Medal in 1959, and the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award in 1952.

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

 

EncCredit="© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved." v:shapes="_x0000_i1026">

Structure of HIV

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) consists of a nucleoid core and the surrounding protein matrix, both enclosed in a lipid envelope. The nucleoid core contains the viral genetic material and the reverse transcriptase enzyme, which are used in viral replication. The transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 and the envelope glycoprotein gp120 are attached to the envelope; these proteins enable HIV to bind and fuse with a target host cell.

© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

EncCredit="Woodfin Camp and Associates, Inc./A. Reininger" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027">

AIDS Quilt

The AIDS quilt travels on display to promote public awareness of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The quilt project, initiated in 1986 by the NAMES Project organization, consists of thousands of panels. Each panel is individually designed and is dedicated to the memory of someone who has died of AIDS.

Woodfin Camp and Associates, Inc./A. Reininger

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

AIDS Prevention Sign, Botswana

A road sign in Botswana about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) says “AIDS: Your Problem, Control With Condoms.” Africa accounts for more than 70 percent of adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of AIDS.

Photo Researchers, Inc./M.P. Kahl

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

AIDS Cases and Annual Rates of AIDS by State and Region in the United States

 

2000

2001

Cumulative Totals

State

Number

Rate*

Number

Rate*

Adults and Adolescents

Children Under 13 Years

Total

 

Alabama

482

10.8

438

9.8

6,632

74

6,706

Alaska

23

3.7

18

2.8

490

5

495

Arizona

443

8.6

540

10.2

7,925

41

7,966

Arkansas

194

7.2

199

7.4

3,139

38

3,177

California

4,696

13.8

4,315

12.5

123,200

619

123,819

Colorado

339

7.8

288

6.5

7,351

30

7,381

Connecticut

614

18.0

584

17.1

11,972

176

12,148

Delaware

220

28.0

248

31.1

2,803

24

2,827

District of Columbia

873

152.9

870

152.1

13,796

173

13,969

Florida

4,905

30.6

5,138

31.3

83,888

1,436

85,324

Georgia

1,231

15.0

1,745

20.8

24,347

212

24,559

Hawaii

115

9.5

124

10.1

2,569

16

2,585

Idaho

22

1.7

19

1.4

514

3

517

Illinois

1,758

14.1

1,323

10.6

26,047

272

26,319

Indiana

382

6.3

378

6.2

6,466

49

6,515

Iowa

92

3.1

90

3.1

1,392

10

1,402

Kansas

127

4.7

98

3.6

2,453

12

2,465

Kentucky

210

5.2

333

8.2

3,648

27

3,675

Louisiana

661

14.8

861

19.3

13,350

125

13,475

Maine

40

3.1

48

3.7

995

9

1,004

Maryland

1,455

27.4

1,860

34.6

23,228

309

23,537

Massachusetts

1,185

18.6

765

12.0

16,797

211

17,008

Michigan

761

7.6

548

5.5

11,755

108

11,863

Minnesota

184

3.7

157

3.2

3,896

23

3,919

Mississippi

428

15.0

418

14.6

4,821

56

4,877

Missouri

452

8.1

445

7.9

9,594

60

9,654

Montana

16

1.8

15

1.7

338

3

341

Nebraska

77

4.5

74

4.3

1,157

10

1,167

Nevada

283

14.0

252

12.0

4,637

28

4,665

New Hampshire

30

2.4

40

3.2

910

9

919

New Jersey

1,875

22.2

1,756

20.7

43,068

756

43,824

New Mexico

144

7.9

143

7.8

2,179

8

2,187

New York

6,301

33.2

7,476

39.3

147,065

2,276

149,341

North Carolina

674

8.3

942

11.5

11,240

116

11,356

North Dakota

3

0.5

3

0.5

109

1

110

Ohio

588

5.2

581

5.1

11,834

124

11,958

Oklahoma

353

10.2

243

7.0

4,004

26

4,030

Oregon

208

6.1

259

7.5

5,039

17

5,056

Pennsylvania

1,658

13.5

1,840

15.0

26,033

336

26,369

Rhode Island

99

9.4

103

9.7

2,130

23

2,153

South Carolina

789

19.6

729

17.9

10,151

86

10,237

South Dakota

8

1.1

25

3.3

187

4

191

Tennessee

839

14.7

602

10.5

9,114

52

9,166

Texas

2,631

12.6

2,892

13.6

56,344

386

56,730

Utah

148

6.6

124

5.5

2,076

21

2,097

Vermont

38

6.2

25

4.1

422

6

428

Virginia

872

12.3

951

13.2

13,842

176

14,018

Washington

496

8.4

532

8.9

9,971

34

10,005

West Virginia

61

3.4

100

5.5

1,168

10

1,178

Wisconsin

213

4.0

193

3.6

3,737

31

3,768

Wyoming

11

2.2

5

1.0

189

3

192

Total

41,795

14.6

43,158

14.9

807,075

9,074

816,149

*Rates are given per 100,000 population.

Source: U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention; U.S. National Center for Health Statistics.

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Regional Distribution of People with HIV Infection, 2001

Sub-Saharan Africa

 

People Living with HIV/AIDS 2001

 

Region/Country

Adults1 and Children2

Adults 3

Adult Prevalence Rate (%)

Adult Women

Children 3

AIDS Deaths (Adults and Children)

 

Global total

40,000,000

37,100,000

1.2

18,500,000

3,000,000

3,000,000

Sub-Saharan Africa *

28,500,000

26,000,000

9.0

15,000,000

2,600,000

2,200,000

Angola

350,000

320,000

5.5

190,000

37,000

24,000

Benin

120,000

110,000

3.6

67,000

12,000

8,100

Botswana

330,000

300,000

38.8

170,000

28,000

26,000

Burkina Faso

440,000

380,000

6.5

220,000

61,000

44,000

Burundi

390,000

330,000

8.3

190,000

55,000

40,000

Cameroon

920,000

860,000

11.8

500,000

69,000

53,000

Central African Republic

250,000

220,000

12.9

130,000

25,000

22,000

Chad

150,000

130,000

3.6

76,000

18,000

14,000

Comoros

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Congo

110,000

99,000

7.2

59,000

15,000

11,000

Côte d'Ivoire

770,000

690,000

9.7

400,000

84,000

75,000

Democratic Republic of Congo

1,300,000

1,100,000

4.9

670,000

170,000

120,000

Djibouti

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Equatorial Guinea

5,900

5,500

3.4

3,000

420

370

Eritrea

55,000

49,000

2.8

30,000

4,000

350

Ethiopia

2,100,000

1,900,000

6.4

1,100,000

230,000

160,000

Gabon

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

The Gambia

8,400

7,900

1.6

4,400

460

400

Ghana

360,000

330,000

3.0

170,000

34,000

28,000

Guinea

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Guinea-Bissau

17,000

16,000

2.8

9,300

1,500

1,200

Kenya

2,500,000

2,300,000

15.0

1,400,000

220,000

190,000

Lesotho

360,000

330,000

31.0

180,000

27,000

25,000

Liberia

1,518

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Madagascar

22,000

21,000

0.3

12,000

1,000

N/A

Malawi

850,000

780,000

15.0

440,000

65,000

80,000

Mali

110,000

100,000

1.7

54,000

13,000

11,000

Mauritania

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Mauritius

700

700

0.1

350

N/A

<100

Mozambique

1,100,000

1,000,000

13.0

630,000

80,000

60,000

Namibia

230,000

200,000

22.5

110,000

30,000

13,000

Niger

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Nigeria

3,500,000

3,200,000

5.8

1,700,000

270,000

170,000

Rwanda

500,000

430,000

8.9

250,000

65,000

49,000

Senegal

27,000

24,000

0.5

14,000

2,900

2,500

Sierra Leone

170,000

150,000

7.0

90,000

16,000

11,000

Somalia

43,000

43,000

1.0

N/A

N/A

N/A

South Africa

5,000,000

4,700,000

20.1

2,700,000

250,000

360,000

Swaziland

170,000

150,000

33.4

89,000

14,000

12,000

Tanzania

1,500,000

1,300,000

7.8

750,000

170,000

140,000

Togo

150,000

130,000

6.0

76,000

15,000

12,000

Uganda

600,000

510,000

5.0

280,000

110,000

84,000

Zambia

1,200,000

1,000,000

21.5

590,000

150,000

120,000

Zimbabwe

2,300,000

2,000,000

33.7

1,200,000

240,000

200,000

N/A = not available.

* Country totals may not always add up to regional total figure because of rounding.

1. Age 15 to 49 years.

2. Age 0 to 14 years.

3. Numbers in Adults column and Children column do not always add up to number in Adults and Children column due to differences in survey methodologies.

Source: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).

East Asia and Pacific

 

People Living with HIV/AIDS 2001

 

Region/Country

Adults1 and Children2

Adults 3

Adult Prevalence Rate (%)

Adult Women

Children 3

AIDS Deaths (Adults and Children)

 

Global total

40,000,000

37,100,000

1.2

18,500,000

3,000,000

3,000,000

East Asia and Pacific *

1,000,000

970,000

0.1

230,000

3,000

35,000

China

850,000

850,000

0.1

220,000

2,000

30,000

Fiji

300

300

0.1

N/A

<100

N/A

Hong Kong (China)

2,600

2,600

0.1

660

<100

<100

Japan

12,000

12,000

<0.1

6,600

110

430

Mongolia

<100

<100

<0.1

N/A

N/A

N/A

North Korea

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Papua New Guinea

17,000

16,000

0.7

4,100

500

880

South Korea

4,000

4,000

<0.1

960

<100

220

N/A = not available

* Country totals may not always add up to regional total figure because of rounding.

1. Age 15 to 49 years

2. Age 0 to 14 years

3. Numbers in Adults column and Children column do not always add up to number in Adults and Children column due to differences in survey methodologies.

Source: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).

Australia and New Zealand

 

People Living with HIV/AIDS 2001

 

Region/Country

Adults1 and Children2

Adults 3

Adult Prevalence Rate (%)

Adult Women

Children 3

AIDS Deaths (Adults and Children)

 

Global total

40,000,000

37,100,000

1.2

18,500,000

3,000,000

3,000,000

Australia and New Zealand *

15,000

14,000

0.1

1,000

<200

<100

Australia

12,000

12,000

0.1

800

140

<100

New Zealand

1,200

1,200

0.1

180

<100

<100

N/A = not available.

* Country totals may not always add up to regional total figure because of rounding.

1. Age 15 to 49 years.

2. Age 0 to 14 years.

3. Numbers in Adults column and Children column do not always add up to number in Adults and Children column due to differences in survey methodologies.

Source: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).

South and Southeast Asia

 

People Living with HIV/AIDS 2001

 

Region/Country

Adults1 and Children2

Adults 3

Adult Prevalence Rate (%)

Adult Women

Children 3

AIDS Deaths (Adults and Children)

 

Global total

40,000,000

37,100,000

1.2

18,500,000

3,000,000

3,000,000

South and Southeast Asia *

5,600,000

5,400,000

0.6

2,000,000

220,000

400,000

Afghanistan

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Bangladesh

13,000

13,000

<0.1

3,100

310

650

Bhutan

<100

<100

<0.1

N/A

N/A

N/A

Brunei

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Cambodia

170,000

160,000

2.7

74,000

12,000

12,000

India

3,970,000

3,800,000

0.8

1,500,000

170,000

N/A

Indonesia

120,000

120,000

0.1

27,000

1,300

4,600

Iran

20,000

20,000

<0.1

5,000

<200

290

Laos

1,400

1,300

<0.1

350

<100

<150

Malaysia

42,000

41,000

0.4

11,000

770

2,500

Maldives

<100

<100

0.1

N/A

N/A

N/A

Myanmar

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Nepal

58,000

56,000

0.5

14,000

1,500

2,400

Pakistan

78,000

76,000

0.1

16,000

2,200

4,500

Philippines

9,400

9,400

<0.1

2,500

<10

720

Singapore

3,400

3,400

0.2

860

<100

4,108

Sri Lanka

4,800

4,700

<0.1

1,400

<100

250

Thailand

670,000

650,000

1.8

220,000

21,000

55,000

Vietnam

130,000

130,000

0.3

35,000

2,500

6,600

N/A = not available.

* Country totals may not always add up to regional total figure because of rounding.

1. Age 15 to 49 years.

2. Age 0 to 14 years.

3. Numbers in Adults column and Children column do not always add up to number in Adults and Children column due to differences in survey methodologies.

Source: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).

Eastern Europe and Central Asia

 

People Living with HIV/AIDS 2001

 

Region/Country

Adults1 and Children2

Adults 3

Adult Prevalence Rate (%)

Adult Women

Children 3

AIDS Deaths (Adults and Children)

 

Global total

40,000,000

37,100,000

1.2

18,500,000

3,000,000

3,000,000

Eastern Europe and Central Asia *

1,000,000

1,000,000

0.5

260,000

15,000

23,000

Armenia

2,400

2,400

0.2

480

<100

<100

Azerbaijan

1,400

1,400

<0.1

280

N/A

<100

Belarus

15,000

15,000

0.3

3,700

N/A

1,000

Bosnia and Herzegovina

N/A

900

<0.1

N/A

N/A

N/A

Bulgaria

N/A

400

<0.1

N/A

N/A

N/A

Croatia

200

200

<0.1

<100

<10

<10

Czech Republic

500

500

<0.1

<100

<10

<10

Estonia

7,700

7,700

1.0

1,500

N/A

<100

Georgia

900

900

<0.1

180

N/A

<100

Hungary

2,800

2,800

0.1

300

<100

<100

Kazakhstan

6,000

6,000

0.1

1,200

<100

300

Kyrgyzstan

500

500

<0.1

<100

<100

N/A

Latvia

5,000

5,000

0.4

1,000

<100

<100

Lithuania

1,300

1,300

0.1

260

<100

<100

Moldova

5,500

5,500

0.2

1,200

0

300

Poland

N/A

14,000

0.1

N/A

N/A

N/A

Romania

6,500

2,500

<0.1

N/A

4,000

350

Russia

700,000

700,000

0.9

180,000

N/A

9,000

Slovakia

<100

<100

<0.1

<100

N/A

<100

Tajikistan

200

200

<0.1

<100

N/A

<100

Turkmenistan

<100

<100

<0.1

<100

N/A

<100

Ukraine

250,000

250,000

1.0

76,000

N/A

11,000

Uzbekistan

740

740

<0.1

150

<100

<100

N/A = not available.

* Country totals may not always add up to regional total figure because of rounding.

1. Age 15 to 49 years.

2. Age 0 to 14 years.

3. Numbers in Adults column and Children column do not always add up to number in Adults and Children column due to differences in survey methodologies.

Source: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).

Western Europe

 

People Living with HIV/AIDS 2001

 

Region/Country

Adults1 and Children2

Adults 3

Adult Prevalence Rate (%)

Adult Women

Children 3

AIDS Deaths (Adults and Children)

 

Global total

40,000,000

37,100,000

1.2

18,500,000

3,000,000

3,000,000

Western Europe*

550,000

540,000

0.3

140,000

5,000

8,000

Albania

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Austria

9,900

9,900

0.2

2,200

<100

<100

Belgium